The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. Published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is commonly known as DSM.The manual has been praised for its contribution to the care of patients and to the science community by providing rigorous and reliable diagnostic criteria for psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder and social phobia. But at the same time, it is also criticized by others for creating too many diagnostic categories and for allowing "the distinction between psychopathology and normal psychological phenomena (e.g., sadness after a major stressful event, shyness in social situations) to be eroded...".
The latest version is DSM-IV-TR (DSM Fourth Edition, Text Revision). This version is organized into a five-part axis system. Each axis or dimension relates to a different aspect of disorder or disability.
- Clinical disorders
- Personality disorders and intellectual disabilities
- Acute medical conditions and physical disorders
- Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder
- Global Assessment of Functioning or Children's Global Assessment Scale for children and teens under the age of 18
Video: Substance Abuse Disorders
DSM-IV stresses that in terms of a definition of a mental disorder, "..no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of ‘mental disorder.’ ". It does however, offers features of a mental disorder:
- A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual
- Is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a Significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom
- Must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one
- A manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual
- Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual
Other Considerations
- No definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of “mental disorder”
- The concept of mental disorder (like many other concepts in medicine and science) lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations
DSM-5 to include controversial changes to criteria for substance use disorders
Every new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders stirs up a host of questions and controversies, and the next DSM—the DSM-5, to be published in 2013—is no exception. The diagnoses related to alcohol and other substance use disorders have had their own share of the controversy, according to Marc A. Schuckit, M.D., editor of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs and a member of the Substance Use Disorder Work Group for the DSM-5. An editorial from Schuckit in the July issue of JSAD, as well as letters from three experts, highlights the debate.
In past DSMs, the 11 criteria for alcohol and other drug use disorders were divided into two related diagnoses: dependence and abuse. Dependence was diagnosed if a person met three of seven possible criteria items. If the person did not meet the threshold for dependence, then abuse could be diagnosed if the person endorsed any one of four remaining items. The DSM-5 committee felt that asking clinicians to work their way through items for two syndromes was more complicated than was necessary. The group also was reluctant to continue using a diagnosis that involved a person meeting only a single criterion, as the abuse diagnosis currently does. "One item is not a syndrome, even if you repeatedly have problems with that item," says Schuckit.
Therefore, one of the biggest changes is the decision to meld the separate abuse and dependence categories into a single diagnosis in which a person has to meet two or more items for a diagnosis. With the DSM-5, a person can have an "alcohol use disorder" or a "drug use disorder" but not specifically abuse of or dependence on alcohol or other drugs.
"Our goal was to try to make the criteria easier for the usual clinician to use, and so we're no longer asking them to remember one criteria set for abuse and a separate set for dependence," says Schuckit.
But the proposed changes have received significant criticism. Griffith Edwards, D.M., in a letter to the editor in the same issue of JSAD, writes that there is "no convincing case" for the proposed changes. "The impression is given of a field in disarray," Edwards continues. "Revisions are sometimes necessary, but unnecessary revisions are likely to be without benefit."
Edwards writes that experience working with patients has shown that there is, in fact, an intermediary step of disruptive drinking, such as alcohol abuse, that does not meet the higher threshold for dependence. Further, he states, the new, single category would deviate significantly from the diagnostic criteria set out by the World Health Organization in its diagnostic manual, the International Classification of Diseases. "The consequence may be that the DSM comes to be seen as enshrining an
American point of view, whereas the ICD would be the international currency," Edwards concludes.
On the other hand, according to Schuckit, factor analyses performed on the group of 11 criteria have shown that these symptoms currently used to diagnose abuse and dependence statistically constitute approximately 1.2 disorders—not exactly one group, but certainly closer to one group than to two. Proponents of the change to a single, combined diagnosis also argued that it is simpler for both lay people and clinicians to understand.
"While I see both sides of the issue, the majority of the argument and the best data favored putting them together," says Schuckit.
A recent article in The New York Times (May 11, 2012) suggested that this change could result in many more people being diagnosed as having a substance use disorder than was seen using the DSM-IV and may strain health care resources. In response, Schuckit says the committee evaluated data on more than 100,000 cases using both the current abuse-and-dependence approach in DSM-IV and the proposed substance-use-disorder approach in DSM-5, which combines abuse and dependence. The committee found that the number of people diagnosed did not change much across the two diagnostic schemes.
"It was unfortunate that The New York Times article had some major inaccuracies," he says.
Schuckit concludes that although people are often resistant to change, it's a healthy process.
"Science marches forward, so it makes sense that every decade or so, people who are using the science in order to best diagnose disorders should reevaluate what's happened over that decade," says Schuckit. "The DSM is reflecting what we know now that we didn't know 10 years ago."
RELATED LINKS
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
Substance Use Disorder Work Group
What is a Mental/Psychiatric Disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V
Editorial in reply to the comments of Griffith Edwards
The evil genius of the habit": DSM-5 seen in historical context
Combining abuse and dependence in DSM-5
Rationale for changes in DSM-5
Parents and Child Upbringing Major Psychological Factors In Teen Violence
The Science of Understanding Stress
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