Graphene is a material derived from graphite. It is two dimensional and consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. This structure resembles chicken wire.
Graphene is the thinnest known material and is also the strongest. It conducts electricity as efficiently as copper and outperforms all other materials as a conductor of heat. Graphene is almost completely transparent, yet so dense that even the smallest atom helium cannot pass through it.
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov (the two scientists who successfully isolated the material and won the 2010 Nobel Prize for it) defined graphene as "a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, and is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities. It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerenes, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into 3D graphite."
Graphene is a material that has the potential to create foldaway mobile phones, wallpaper-thin lighting panels and the next generation of aircraft.
A graphene circuit can operate at high frequencies of up to 10GHz (10 billion cycles per second), and at temperatures of up to 127°C. It is the most transparent, strongest and most conductive material on Earth.
Cutting the graphene cake
Sandwiching individual graphene sheets between insulating layers in order to produce electrical devices with unique new properties, the method could open up a new dimension of physics research.
Writing in Nature Materials, the scientists show that a new side-view imaging technique can be used to visualize the individual atomic layers of graphene within the devices they have built. They found that the structures were almost perfect even when more than 10 different layers were used to build the stack.
This surprising result indicates that the latest techniques of isolating graphene could be a huge leap forward for engineering at the atomic level.
This development gives more weight to graphene's suitability as a major component in the next generation of computer chips.
The researchers' side-view imaging approach works by first extracting a thin slice from the centre of the device. This is similar to cutting through a rock to reveal the geological layers or slicing into a chocolate gateaux to reveal the individual layers of icing.
Video: Isolating Graphene
The scientists used a beam of ions to cut into the surface of the graphene and dig a trench on either side of the section they wanted to isolate. They then removed a thin slice of the device. Wonder material graphene is a two dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb or chicken wire structure. It is the thinnest material in the world and yet is also one of the strongest. It conducts electricity as efficiently as copper and outperforms all other materials as a conductor of heat.
Demonstrating its remarkable properties won Professor Andre Geim and Professor Kostya Novoselov the Nobel prize for Physics in 2010. The University of Manchester is building a state-of-the-art National Graphene Institute to continue to lead the way in graphene research.
Dr Sarah Haigh, from The University of Manchester's School of Materials, said: "The difference is that our slices are only around 100 atoms thick and this allows us to visualize the individual atomic layers of graphene in projection.
"We have found that the observed roughness of the graphene is correlated with their conductivity. Of course we have to make all our electrical measurements before cutting into the device. We were also able to observe that the layers were perfectly clean and that any debris left over from production segregated into isolated pockets and so did not affect device performance.
"We plan to use this new side view imaging approach to improve the performance of our graphene devices."
RELATED LINKS
University of Manchester
Graphene: World-leading Research and Development
Nature Materials
Graphene Promises New Levels of Technology in Photonic Chips
New Use For Graphene Discovered: Distillation
Cutting Graphene With Precision Using Nanorobots and Atomic Force Microscope Discovered
New and Cheaper Way To Produce Graphene Nanosheets Discovered In South Korea
The Wonders of Graphene
Damaged and Impure Carbon Nanotubes Provide Attractive, Low-cost Alternative Catalysts In Fuel Cells.
Using Graphene And Nanotechnology To Build A Faster Edison Battery
World Smallest Semiconductor Laser - Breakthrough in Photonic Technology
Famous Scientists of the 21st Century
