Filaments in outer space are called supercluster complexes or great walls. Galaxy filaments are the largest cosmic structures in the universe with lengths extending from 50 to 80 megaparsecs h-1.
These filaments are thread-like structures that form boundaries between large voids in the universe. Astronomers theorize that moments after the Big Bang, a bulk of the matter in the universe condensed into a web of tangled filaments connected to each other at the locations of massive galaxy clusters.
When the universe was in its early stages, matter was distributed evenly. There were no stars and galaxies. Back then, there were tiny variations of density which over time grew and grew to form these massive web-like structures which gives form to the universe. Although massive, these structures are hard to detect and observe because it is mainly composed of dark matter.
To understand how big a 50 to 80 megaparsec h-1 galaxy filament is, it is best to define what a parsec. A parsec is a unit of distance measuring 3.26 light-years, which is about 30.9 trillion (3.09×1013) kilometers or about 19.2 trillion (1.92×1013) miles. A megaparsec is one million parsecs or around 3,260,000 light-years. The "h-1" denotes the Hubble constant where H is the rate of expansion of the universe: h = H / (100 km/s/Mpc).
Dark Matter Filament Studied in 3D for the First Time
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have studied a giant filament of dark matter in 3D for the first time. Extending 60 million light-years from one of the most massive galaxy clusters known, the filament is part of the cosmic web that constitutes the large-scale structure of the Universe, and is a leftover of the very first moments after the Big Bang. If the high mass measured for the filament is representative of the rest of the Universe, then these structures may contain more than half of all the mass in the Universe.
Video: Hubblecast 58 - 3D View of Galaxy Cluster MACS J0717
The theory of the Big Bang predicts that variations in the density of matter in the very first moments of the Universe led the bulk of the matter in the cosmos to condense into a web of tangled filaments. This view is supported by computer simulations of cosmic evolution, which suggest that the Universe is structured like a web, with long filaments that connect to each other at the locations of massive galaxy clusters. However, these filaments, although vast, are made mainly of dark matter, which is incredibly difficult to observe.
The first convincing identification of a section of one of these filaments was made earlier this year [1]. Now a team of astronomers has gone further by probing a filament’s structure in three dimensions. Seeing a filament in 3D eliminates many of the pitfalls that come from studying the flat image of such a structure.
“Filaments of the cosmic web are hugely extended and very diffuse, which makes them extremely difficult to detect, let alone study in 3D,” says Mathilde Jauzac (LAM, France and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), lead author of the study.
The team combined high resolution images of the region around the massive galaxy cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 (or MACS J0717 for short), taken using Hubble, NAOJ’s Subaru Telescope and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, with spectroscopic data on the galaxies within it from the WM Keck Observatory and the Gemini Observatory. Analysing these observations together gives a complete view of the shape of the filament as it extends out from the galaxy cluster almost along our line of sight.
The team’s recipe for studying the vast but diffuse filament combines several crucial ingredients.
First ingredient: A promising target. Theories of cosmic evolution suggest that galaxy clusters form where filaments of the cosmic web meet, with the filaments slowly funnelling matter into the clusters. “From our earlier work on MACS J0717, we knew that this cluster is actively growing, and thus a prime target for a detailed study of the cosmic web,” explains co-author Harald Ebeling (University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA), who led the team that discovered MACS J0717 almost a decade ago.
Second ingredient: Advanced gravitational lensing techniques. Albert Einstein’s famous theory of general relativity says that the path of light is bent when it passes through or near objects with a large mass. Filaments of the cosmic web are largely made up of dark matter [2] which cannot be seen directly, but their mass is enough to bend the light and distort the images of galaxies in the background, in a process called gravitational lensing. The team has developed new tools to convert the image distortions into a mass map.
Third ingredient: High resolution images. Gravitational lensing is a subtle phenomenon, and studying it needs detailed images. Hubble observations let the team study the precise deformation in the shapes of numerous lensed galaxies. This in turn reveals where the hidden dark matter filament is located. “The challenge,” explains co-author Jean-Paul Kneib (LAM, France), “was to find a model of the cluster’s shape which fitted all the lensing features that we observed.”
Finally: Measurements of distances and motions. Hubble’s observations of the cluster give the best two-dimensional map yet of a filament, but to see its shape in 3D required additional observations. Colour images [3], as well as galaxy velocities measured with spectrometers [4], using data from the Subaru, CFHT, WM Keck, and Gemini North telescopes (all on Mauna Kea, Hawaii), allowed the team to locate thousands of galaxies within the filament and to detect the motions of many of them.
Video: Simulation of Dark Matter Filament Shape (Galaxy Cluster MACS J0717)
A model that combined positional and velocity information for all these galaxies was constructed and this then revealed the 3D shape and orientation of the filamentary structure. As a result, the team was able to measure the true properties of this elusive filamentary structure without the uncertainties and biases that come from projecting the structure onto two dimensions, as is common in such analyses.
The results obtained push the limits of predictions made by theoretical work and numerical simulations of the cosmic web. With a length of at least 60 million light-years, the MACS J0717 filament is extreme even on astronomical scales. And if its mass content as measured by the team can be taken to be representative of filaments near giant clusters, then these diffuse links between the nodes of the cosmic web may contain even more mass (in the form of dark matter) than theorists predicted. So much that more than half of all the mass in the Universe may be hidden in these structures.
The forthcoming NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in 2018, will be a powerful tool for detecting filaments in the cosmic web, thanks to its greatly increased sensitivity.
Notes
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
The international team of astronomers in this study consists of Mathilde Jauzac (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, France, and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Eric Jullo (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, France and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA), Jean-Paul Kneib (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Harald Ebeling (University of Hawaii, USA), Alexie Leauthaud (University of Tokyo, Japan), Cheng-Jiun Ma (University of Hawaii), Marceau Limousin (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille and University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Richard Massey (Durham University, UK) and Johan Richard (Lyon Observatory, France)
The research is presented in a paper entitled “A Weak-Lensing Mass Reconstruction of the Large-Scale Filament Feeding the Massive Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745”, to be published in the 1 November 2012 issue of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The paper will be published online this week.
[1] The first identification of a dark matter filament was published in J. Dietrich et al, “A filament of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies” published in Nature on 4 July 2012.
[2] Dark matter, which makes up around three quarters of all matter in the Universe, cannot be seen directly as it does not emit or reflect any light, and can pass through other matter without friction (it is collisionless). It interacts only by gravity, and its presence must be deduced from its gravitational effects, for example its effect on the rotation rate of galaxies and its ability to deflect light according to the theory of general relativity.
[3] The light captured by telescopes encapsulates information about the object that emitted it. One important application of this is to study the redshift of an object (the extent to which its light is reddened by the expansion of the Universe) which can be used to measure distances. Estimating distances based on the relative brightnesses of colours that galaxies appear in images is done using a technique called photometric redshift. Although the precision of the distance estimate is limited, it is a relatively straightforward technique to use on large numbers of galaxies, and it works well even for faint objects.
[4] Spectrometers analyse the detailed properties of the light coming from an object. In this study, the subset of galaxies observed with spectrometers provided detailed information on the motion of the objects within the filament.
These filaments are thread-like structures that form boundaries between large voids in the universe. Astronomers theorize that moments after the Big Bang, a bulk of the matter in the universe condensed into a web of tangled filaments connected to each other at the locations of massive galaxy clusters.
When the universe was in its early stages, matter was distributed evenly. There were no stars and galaxies. Back then, there were tiny variations of density which over time grew and grew to form these massive web-like structures which gives form to the universe. Although massive, these structures are hard to detect and observe because it is mainly composed of dark matter.
To understand how big a 50 to 80 megaparsec h-1 galaxy filament is, it is best to define what a parsec. A parsec is a unit of distance measuring 3.26 light-years, which is about 30.9 trillion (3.09×1013) kilometers or about 19.2 trillion (1.92×1013) miles. A megaparsec is one million parsecs or around 3,260,000 light-years. The "h-1" denotes the Hubble constant where H is the rate of expansion of the universe: h = H / (100 km/s/Mpc).
 |
| Hubble image of MACS J0717 with mass overlay |
Dark Matter Filament Studied in 3D for the First Time
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have studied a giant filament of dark matter in 3D for the first time. Extending 60 million light-years from one of the most massive galaxy clusters known, the filament is part of the cosmic web that constitutes the large-scale structure of the Universe, and is a leftover of the very first moments after the Big Bang. If the high mass measured for the filament is representative of the rest of the Universe, then these structures may contain more than half of all the mass in the Universe.
Video: Hubblecast 58 - 3D View of Galaxy Cluster MACS J0717
The theory of the Big Bang predicts that variations in the density of matter in the very first moments of the Universe led the bulk of the matter in the cosmos to condense into a web of tangled filaments. This view is supported by computer simulations of cosmic evolution, which suggest that the Universe is structured like a web, with long filaments that connect to each other at the locations of massive galaxy clusters. However, these filaments, although vast, are made mainly of dark matter, which is incredibly difficult to observe.
The first convincing identification of a section of one of these filaments was made earlier this year [1]. Now a team of astronomers has gone further by probing a filament’s structure in three dimensions. Seeing a filament in 3D eliminates many of the pitfalls that come from studying the flat image of such a structure.
“Filaments of the cosmic web are hugely extended and very diffuse, which makes them extremely difficult to detect, let alone study in 3D,” says Mathilde Jauzac (LAM, France and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), lead author of the study.
The team’s recipe for studying the vast but diffuse filament combines several crucial ingredients.
First ingredient: A promising target. Theories of cosmic evolution suggest that galaxy clusters form where filaments of the cosmic web meet, with the filaments slowly funnelling matter into the clusters. “From our earlier work on MACS J0717, we knew that this cluster is actively growing, and thus a prime target for a detailed study of the cosmic web,” explains co-author Harald Ebeling (University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA), who led the team that discovered MACS J0717 almost a decade ago.
Second ingredient: Advanced gravitational lensing techniques. Albert Einstein’s famous theory of general relativity says that the path of light is bent when it passes through or near objects with a large mass. Filaments of the cosmic web are largely made up of dark matter [2] which cannot be seen directly, but their mass is enough to bend the light and distort the images of galaxies in the background, in a process called gravitational lensing. The team has developed new tools to convert the image distortions into a mass map.
Third ingredient: High resolution images. Gravitational lensing is a subtle phenomenon, and studying it needs detailed images. Hubble observations let the team study the precise deformation in the shapes of numerous lensed galaxies. This in turn reveals where the hidden dark matter filament is located. “The challenge,” explains co-author Jean-Paul Kneib (LAM, France), “was to find a model of the cluster’s shape which fitted all the lensing features that we observed.”
Finally: Measurements of distances and motions. Hubble’s observations of the cluster give the best two-dimensional map yet of a filament, but to see its shape in 3D required additional observations. Colour images [3], as well as galaxy velocities measured with spectrometers [4], using data from the Subaru, CFHT, WM Keck, and Gemini North telescopes (all on Mauna Kea, Hawaii), allowed the team to locate thousands of galaxies within the filament and to detect the motions of many of them.
Video: Simulation of Dark Matter Filament Shape (Galaxy Cluster MACS J0717)
A model that combined positional and velocity information for all these galaxies was constructed and this then revealed the 3D shape and orientation of the filamentary structure. As a result, the team was able to measure the true properties of this elusive filamentary structure without the uncertainties and biases that come from projecting the structure onto two dimensions, as is common in such analyses.
The results obtained push the limits of predictions made by theoretical work and numerical simulations of the cosmic web. With a length of at least 60 million light-years, the MACS J0717 filament is extreme even on astronomical scales. And if its mass content as measured by the team can be taken to be representative of filaments near giant clusters, then these diffuse links between the nodes of the cosmic web may contain even more mass (in the form of dark matter) than theorists predicted. So much that more than half of all the mass in the Universe may be hidden in these structures.
The forthcoming NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in 2018, will be a powerful tool for detecting filaments in the cosmic web, thanks to its greatly increased sensitivity.
Notes
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
The international team of astronomers in this study consists of Mathilde Jauzac (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, France, and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Eric Jullo (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, France and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA), Jean-Paul Kneib (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Harald Ebeling (University of Hawaii, USA), Alexie Leauthaud (University of Tokyo, Japan), Cheng-Jiun Ma (University of Hawaii), Marceau Limousin (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille and University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Richard Massey (Durham University, UK) and Johan Richard (Lyon Observatory, France)
The research is presented in a paper entitled “A Weak-Lensing Mass Reconstruction of the Large-Scale Filament Feeding the Massive Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745”, to be published in the 1 November 2012 issue of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The paper will be published online this week.
[1] The first identification of a dark matter filament was published in J. Dietrich et al, “A filament of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies” published in Nature on 4 July 2012.
[2] Dark matter, which makes up around three quarters of all matter in the Universe, cannot be seen directly as it does not emit or reflect any light, and can pass through other matter without friction (it is collisionless). It interacts only by gravity, and its presence must be deduced from its gravitational effects, for example its effect on the rotation rate of galaxies and its ability to deflect light according to the theory of general relativity.
[3] The light captured by telescopes encapsulates information about the object that emitted it. One important application of this is to study the redshift of an object (the extent to which its light is reddened by the expansion of the Universe) which can be used to measure distances. Estimating distances based on the relative brightnesses of colours that galaxies appear in images is done using a technique called photometric redshift. Although the precision of the distance estimate is limited, it is a relatively straightforward technique to use on large numbers of galaxies, and it works well even for faint objects.
[4] Spectrometers analyse the detailed properties of the light coming from an object. In this study, the subset of galaxies observed with spectrometers provided detailed information on the motion of the objects within the filament.
RELATED LINKS
ESA/Hubble
A Weak-Lensing Mass Reconstruction of the Large-Scale Filament Feeding the Massive Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745
University of KwaZulu-Natal
LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Institute of Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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