 |
| Wappinger Creek in New York's Hudson Valley was one of the streams investigated in the study. Credit: Rebecca Allan |
Another source , albeit lesser known, of pollution is pharmaceutical pollution or contamination. Also known as PPCP or Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products as Pollutants, products involved refer to those use for personal health, cosmetic reasons, or used by agribusiness to enhance growth or health of livestock.
Pharmaceutical contamination covers pollution caused by these products such as prescription and over-the-counter medicine, therapeutic drugs, veterinary drugs, fragrances, lotions, and even cosmetics.
The main medium of pharmaceutical pollution is water. The United State's Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has cited that studies have shown traces of pharmaceuticals in the nation's water bodies. Although there is no evidence of ill effects on human health, findings suggests that there may be some ecological and environmental harm when certain drugs are present.
PPCP Impact On Life and Environment
Pharmaceuticals commonly found in the environment are disrupting streams, with unknown impacts on aquatic life and water quality. So reports a new Ecological Applications paper, which highlights the ecological cost of pharmaceutical waste and the need for more research into environmental impacts.
Lead author Dr. Emma Rosi-Marshall, a scientist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, comments: "Pharmaceutical pollution is now detected in waters throughout the world. Causes include aging infrastructure, sewage overflows, and agricultural runoff. Even when waste water makes it to sewage treatment facilities, they aren't equipped to remove pharmaceuticals. As a result, our streams and rivers are exposed to a cocktail of synthetic compounds, from stimulants and antibiotics to analgesics and antihistamines."
Video: Pharmaceutical Contamination
With colleagues from Indiana University and Loyola University Chicago, Rosi-Marshall looked at how six common pharmaceuticals influenced similar-sized streams in New York, Maryland, and Indiana. Caffeine, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, the antidiabetic metformin, two antihistimines used to treat heartburn (cimetidine and ranitidine), and one antihistamine used to treat allergies (diphenhydramine) were investigated, both alone and in combinations, using pharmaceutical-diffusing substrates.
Rosi-Marshall explains, "We focused on the response of biofilms – which most people know as the slippery coating on stream rocks – because they're vital to stream health. They might not look like much to the naked eye, but biofilms are complex communities composed of algae, fungi, and bacteria all living and working together. In streams, biofilms contribute to water quality by recycling nutrients and organic matter. They're also a major food source for invertebrates that, in turn, feed larger animals like fish."
Healthy streams are slippery streams. And it turns out that antihistamines dry more than our noses. The most striking result of the study was diphenhydramine's effects on algal production and microbial respiration. Exposure caused biofilms to experience up to a 99% decrease in photosynthesis, as well as significant drops in respiration. Diphenhydramine also caused a change in the bacterial species present in the biofilms, including an increase in a bacterial group known to degrade toxic compounds and a reduction in a group that digests compounds produced by plants and algae.
Results suggest that this antihistamine is disrupting the ecology of these sensitive biofilm communities. Rosi-Marshall notes, "We know that diphenhydramine is commonly found in the environment. And its effect on biofilms could have repercussions for animals in stream food webs, like insects and fish. We need additional studies looking at the concentrations that cause ecosystem disruption, and how they react with other stressors, such as excess nutrients."
The other pharmaceuticals investigated also had a measurable effect on biofilm respiration, both alone and in combinations. More work is needed to understand how drug mixtures, which most natural streams experience, impact freshwater systems.
Society's dependence on pharmaceuticals is not likely to wane. Nor is its need for clean, fresh water. This study adds another piece of evidence to the case calling for innovations in the way we manage waste water. Currently, only a fraction of the world's waste water is treated, and the infrastructure in many developed nations is aging.
RELATED LINKS
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Ecological Applications
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
8% of Childhood Asthma Attributed To Traffic and Roadway Related Pollution
MIT News: Air Pollution From Vehicles and Powerplants Can Cause Premature Death
Studying Coral Reefs, Global Warming and Coral Bleaching. Can Corals Adapt?
Newly Discovered Criegee Biradicals Shown to Naturally Cool The Planet
Neptune Grass (Posidonia Oceanica) in the island of Formentera is World's Oldest Living Organism Estimated At 200,000 Years Old
How Are Pharmaceutical Drugs Named?
