Galaxy Sized Cloud of Hydrogen Gas Discovered in Supposedly Empty Region of Space

Hydrogen clouds the size of a dwarf galaxy have been discovered by the Green Bank Telescope between two galaxies (Andromeda -M31 and Triangulum -M33). M31 is at the upper right while M33 is at the bottom left. This high resolution image was captured by the GBT and combined with the image of two galaxies to give it some perspective.
Credit: Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF

Astronomers at the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered a huge cloud of hydrogen gas in a region of space that is supposedly empty of matter. Scientists are studying the object as the source of the gas is still unknown.

The cloud is unusual since the size is as big as a small dwarf galaxy and is moving at a speed comparable to its two nearest galaxy neighbors, Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33). It is also believed that a dark matter filament is responsible for giving the cloud a gravitational structure that keeps it together.

Dark matter is a type of matter that is believed to account for 84.5% of the total matter in the universe. Dark matter cannot be seen or observed directly as it does not absorb light or any other type of radiation.

Although it is too early to tell if this cloud is a new object or feature, clouds of gas and dust in space are called nebulas. Nebulas are regions in space where stars are formed from the gas and clouds. The discovered cloud of hydrogen gas is not a star forming region.

It is theorized that the gas may one day fall into either of the two galaxies and initiate the process of forming new stars.

Galaxy Sized Hydrogen Cloud

In a dark, starless patch of intergalactic space, astronomers have discovered a never-before-seen cluster of hydrogen clouds strewn between two nearby galaxies, Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33). The researchers speculate that these rarefied blobs of gas -- each about as massive as a dwarf galaxy -- condensed out of a vast and as-yet undetected reservoir of hot, ionized gas, which could have accompanied an otherwise invisible band of dark matter.

The astronomers detected these objects using the National Science Foundation's Green Bank Telescope (GBT) at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, W.Va. The results were published in the journal Nature.

"We have known for some time that many seemingly empty stretches of the Universe contain vast but diffuse patches of hot, ionized hydrogen," said Spencer Wolfe of West Virginia University in Morgantown. "Earlier observations of the area between M31 and M33 suggested the presence of colder, neutral hydrogen, but we couldn't see any details to determine if it had a definitive structure or represented a new type of cosmic feature. Now, with high-resolution images from the GBT, we were able to detect discrete concentrations of neutral hydrogen emerging out of what was thought to be a mainly featureless field of gas."

Astronomers are able to observe neutral atomic hydrogen, which is referred to as HI (H and the Roman numeral one), because of the characteristic signal it emits at radio wavelengths, which can be detected by radio telescopes on Earth. Though this material is abundant throughout the cosmos, in the space between galaxies it can be very tenuous and the faint signal it emits can be extremely difficult to detect.

Video: Dark matter: The matter we can't see

A little more than a decade ago, astronomers had the first speculative hints that a previously unrecognized reservoir of hydrogen lay between M31 and M33. The signal from this gas, however, was too faint to draw any firm conclusions about its nature, origin, or even certain existence. Last year, preliminary data taken with the GBT confirmed that there was indeed hydrogen gas, and a lot of it, smeared out between the galaxies. These preliminary observations, however, lacked the necessary sensitivity to see any fine-grain structure in the gas or deduce whence it came and what it signified. The most likely explanation at the time was that a few billion years earlier, these two galaxies had a close encounter and the resulting gravitational perturbations pulled off some wispy puffs of gas, leaving a tenuous bridge between the two.

New and more thorough studies of this region with the GBT, however, revealed that the hydrogen gas was not simply in the form of wispy streamers, as would be expected by the interactions of two galaxies in a gravitational ballet. Instead, a full 50 percent of the gas was conspicuously clumped together into very discrete and very massive blobs that -- apart for their lack of stars -- would be dead ringers for dwarf galaxies. Dwarf galaxies, as their name implies, are relatively small collections of stars bound together by gravity. They can contain anywhere from a few thousand to a few million stars.

The GBT was also able to track the motion of these newly discovered clouds, showing that they were traveling through space at velocities similar to M31 and M33. "These observations suggest that they are independent entities and not the far-flung suburbs of either galaxy," said Felix J. Lockman, an astronomer at the NRAO in Green Bank. "Their clustered orientation is equally compelling and may be the result of a filament of dark matter. The speculation is that a dark-matter filament, if it exists, could provide the gravitational scaffolding upon which clouds could condense from a surrounding field of hot gas."

The researchers also speculate that these clouds may represent a new and previously unrecognized source of neutral hydrogen gas that could eventually fall into M31 and M33, fueling future generations of star formation.

The GBT, because of its enormous size, unique design, and location in the National Radio Quiet Zone of West Virginia, was able to detect this signal, which was simply too faint for other radio telescopes to detect with precision. "The GBT is unique in this regard," said Lockman.

Astronomers are also interested in these cold, dark regions between galaxies because there is a great deal of unaccounted-for normal matter in the cosmos, and a significant fraction may be contained in intergalactic clouds like the ones observed by the GBT. Further studies in this region and around other galaxies in our Local Group (the galaxies found relatively close to the Milky Way) may yield additional clues as to the amount of hydrogen yet to be accounted for in the Universe.

"The region we have studied is only a fraction of the area around M31 reported to have diffuse hydrogen gas," said D.J. Pisano of West Virginia University. "The clouds observed here may be just the tip of a larger population out there waiting to be discovered."

Quantum Day

09 May 2013

Galaxy Sized Cloud of Hydrogen Gas Discovered in Supposedly Empty Region of Space