Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. This equates to computing processing power doubling every two years. For the last 50 years, the trend in computers and electronics adheres to Moore's law but technological evolution is fast approaching to the limit of transistors that can fit into a single silicon chip.
At last count, the current record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion.
With circuit boards getting smaller and smaller, one factor that scientists and engineers look at is heat. As devices get smaller and smaller, the laws of thermodynamics particularly in heat transfer and heat dissipation gets complicated.
The UM researchers are looking at measuring this process at the nanoscale which is the behavior of heat between individual atoms. This study can help develop devices that are smaller, energy efficient, and faster than those currently available. This is a major hurdle for Moore's Law since technology is now going towards atomic scale nano-electronics.
Because of this, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in 2010 adjusted the law and changed the period from every two years to every three years.
Heat Dissipation at the Nanoscale
In findings that could help overcome a major technological hurdle in the road toward smaller and more powerful electronics, an international research team involving University of Michigan engineering researchers, has shown the unique ways in which heat dissipates at the tiniest scales.
A paper on the research is published in the June 13 edition of Nature.
When a current passes through a material that conducts electricity, it generates heat. Understanding where the temperature will rise in an electronic system helps engineers design reliable, high-performing computers, cell phones and medical devices, for example. While heat generation in larger circuits is well understood, classical physics can't describe the relationship between heat and electricity at the ultimate end of the nanoscale—where devices are approximately one nanometer in size and consist of just a few atoms.
Within the next two decades, computer science and engineering researchers are expected to be working at this "atomic" scale, according to Pramod Reddy, U-M assistant professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering who led the research.
"At 20 or 30 nanometers in size, the active regions of today's transistors have very small dimensions," Reddy said. "However, if industry keeps pace with Moore's law and continues shrinking the size of transistors to double their density on a circuit then atomic-scales are not far off.
"The most important thing then, is to understand the relationship between the heat dissipated and the electronic structure of the device, in the absence of which you can't really leverage the atomic scale. This work gives insights into that for the first time."
Video: Atoms and Heat
The researchers have shown experimentally how an atomic-scale system heats up, and how this differs from the process at the macroscale. They also devised a framework to explain the process.
In the tangible, macroscale world, when electricity travels through a wire, the whole wire heats up, as do all the electrodes along it. In contrast, when the "wire" is a nanometer-sized molecule and only connecting two electrodes, the temperature raises predominantly in one of them.
"In an atomic scale device, all the heating is concentrated in one place and less so in other places," Reddy said.
In order to accomplish this, researchers in Reddy's lab—doctoral students Woochul Lee and Wonho Jeong and post-doctoral fellow Kyeongtae Kim—developed techniques to create stable atomic-scale devices and designed and built a custom nanoscale thermometer integrated into a cone-shaped device. Single molecules or atoms were trapped between the cone-shaped device and a thin plate of gold to study heat dissipation in prototypical molecular-scale circuits.
"The results from this work also firmly establish the validity of a heat-dissipation theory that was originally proposed by Rolf Landauer, a physicist from IBM," Reddy said. "Further, the insights obtained from this work also enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between heat dissipation and atomic-scale thermoelectric phenomena, which is the conversion of heat into electricity."
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